08: Rise of Universities
Reminder: politics, piety, learning ca. 1000 CE
Our next stopping point: the 14th century
How is university education different from earlier schools?
What kinds of writings are produced there?
Existing schooling ca 1200+:
Northern Europe:
- Clerical
- Latin
- Liberal Arts Morals
grammar: Notre Dame, Paris
Italy
- Mostly lay not clerical
- Urban: business education
Universities: north and south
Bologna
- Civil Law: Justinian Code: commentary on Digest
- Canon Law
- Guild model (first: students, then professors)
Paris
- cathedral school
- guild (first: professors, then students)
- Cathedral chancellor: right to grant teachers’ licenses
- Papal charter 1231 (Gregory IX)
- study of theology: papal attention
- 1231: Gregory IX charter. Qualification to teach
- Nations
- “university” studium generale
- Robert de Sorbon ca. 1257: theology
Curriculum and organization of subjects
Four faculties: arts, law, medicine, theology
Arts course
recovery of Greek texts
Islamic world: new scholarship
scientific subjects; logic
Translations: Salerno, Sicily, Spain, S. France
Aristotle
North: theology as star faculty South: Law, medicine
Avicenna Canon, trans Gerard of Cremona
Instruction:
Lectures: ordinary and extraordinary
gloss or commentary
scriptoria
debates (disputationes)
Cristoforo Landino at the University of Florence
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| Henry of Germany lectures to university students in Bologna. Artist: Laurentius de Voltolina; Liber ethicorum des Henricus de Alemannia; Kupferstichkabinett SMPK, Berlin/Staatliche Museen Preussiischer Kulturbesitz, Min. 1233 |
New texts: from Arabic, Greek
Signs of success:
- church leadership roles
- Secular leaders promote universities
Signs of controversy
- monastic criticism: too secular use of non-Christian authors
- Church hierarchy: claims to interpretive authority
Peter Lombard ms page: Columbia University
Marsilius Mainardini c. 1275 – c. 1342
Defensor Pacis a 15th c Paris ms
