08: Rise of Universities

Reminder: politics, piety, learning ca. 1000 CE

Our next stopping point: the 14th century

How is university education different from earlier schools?

  What kinds of writings are produced there?

 Existing schooling ca 1200+:

   Northern Europe:

  •       Clerical
  •       Latin
  •       Liberal Arts      Morals

grammar

grammar: Notre Dame, Paris

   Italy

  •       Mostly lay not clerical
  •       Urban: business education

    

    Universities: north and south

Bologna

  • Civil Law: Justinian Code: commentary on  Digest   “Littera Florentina”
  • Canon Law
  • Guild model      (first: students, then professors)

Paris

  • cathedral school
  • guild    (first: professors, then students)
  • Cathedral chancellor: right to grant teachers’ licenses
  • Papal charter 1231 (Gregory IX)
    • study of theology: papal attention
    • 1231: Gregory IX charter. Qualification to teach
  • Nations
  • “university”         studium generale
  • Robert de Sorbon ca. 1257: theology

 

Curriculum and organization of subjects

Four faculties: arts, law, medicine, theology

Arts course

 

recovery of Greek texts

Islamic world: new scholarship

scientific subjects; logic

Translations: Salerno, Sicily, Spain, S. France

Aristotle

North: theology as star faculty    South: Law, medicine

Avicenna Almagest, trans Gerard of Cremona (Toledo)

Avicenna Canon, trans Gerard of Cremona

Averroes’s commentary of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, trans. Michael Scot (Sicily)

LJS 25 Aristotle, Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics, trans William of Moerbeke (Constantinople) and Robert Grosseteste: at Penn

   Instruction:

Lectures: ordinary and extraordinary

gloss or commentary

scriptoria

debates (disputationes)

Cristoforo Landino at the University of Florence

Henry of Germany lectures to university students in Bologna.
Artist: Laurentius de Voltolina; Liber ethicorum des Henricus de Alemannia; Kupferstichkabinett SMPK, Berlin/Staatliche Museen
Preussiischer Kulturbesitz, Min. 1233

New texts: from Arabic, Greek

Signs of success:

  • church leadership roles
  • Secular leaders promote universities

Signs of controversy

  •  monastic criticism: too secular   use of non-Christian authors
  • Church hierarchy: claims to interpretive authority

Peter Lombard ms page: Columbia University

Marsilius Mainardini   c. 1275 – c. 1342

Defensor Pacis a 15th c Paris ms

Aristotle: 4 causes