09: Politics and Political Thought: Marsilius and his World
Papacy: increased power 1100-1300
- political leader of Rome and papal regions in Italy
- Across Europe: more governance
- strong pyramid model of authority
- moral vision for nobles: chivalry, Crusades
Standard set of expectations about Pope
- residence: St. John Lateran
- elected: College of Cardinals
- Regulation of lay religious behavior as well as clergy
- diplomatic center, international mediator
- moral leader of Crusades
- regional political power
How does a strong papacy affect kings:
- positive
- morality and violence: chivalric ideals, lay piety
- papal recognition of legitimacy
- diplomacy
- negative
- bishops act like powerful nobles but are not subject to same legal controls
- bishops may have divided loyalties
The crisis: central Europe
Holy Roman Empire
- Germany: post investiture regional control;
- Italy: recognition of city-states 1190s
South: Normans 1053
Staufen (HRE dynasty)family marries into Normans
Frederick II 1194-1250
Museo Civico, Barletta
- HRE, Sicily, Jerusalem
- no heir; wars of succession
- Ghibelline (pro Staufen) versus Guelf (supported papacy)
1266: Defeat of Manfred at Battle of Benevento: Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX, king of Naples and Sicily.
1312: Henry VII (house of Luxemburg); d. 1313 Successor Ludwig d. 1347
ca 1200  |
ca 1300  |
Papacy
Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
- Unam sanctam
Benedict XI (1303-04)
Clement V (1305-14): Avignon
John XXII (1316-34)
Marsilius Mainardini (ca1275-1343)
Avignon, Papal palace |
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