12: Religion and Reform
1. reforms of “abusive” behavior in institutional church
2. focus on laity
3. political regulation of religion in a region
4. “Protestant” reforms and breaks with Rome
In Florence: a mix of opinions but no institutional break with Rome
Lay religiosity
Humanist culture and biblical scholarship
Readers and spread of books: readers of Luther, Calvin, others
Co-incidence with Italian Wars
- Policies of victorious parties (Habsburgs) in Italian regions
- More interest in political regulation of religion
- Rome as neighbor: regional politics
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Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)
- Ferrara, Dominican; to S. Marco, Florence
revelations; sermons at S. Gimignano Lent 1585, 86
Called back to Ferrara; returns to Florence thanks to Lorenzo de’ Medici
predicts French as scourge
1494: advisor to new government
Great Council, ca 3000 membersmoral reform
confraternities
1497 Lent: bonfire of vanities
Parties: Arrabbiati anti-Savonarolans
Piagnoni Savonarolans
Florence refuses to join Holy League against King of France
Anti-Savonarolan efforts
1498
Northern European Reform
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
- Saxony
- Confession-forgiveness
- Anti-Roman authority
- Closing of monasteries
- Writing, Bible translation; pamphlet wars
- Civil disorders and wars (1540s)
Jean Calvin (1509-64)
- Paris: reformers expelled late 1534; 1535 in Geneva
- Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536, last revision 1559
Other reformers
Rome
- French call council: Pisa 1511
- Lateran V 1512-17
Council of Trent, Titian
- Hadrian VI (1522-23) Erasmian reforms
- Clement VII: 1527 “Sack of Rome”
- Paul III (1534-49)
- Council called 1542 Trent, met 1545-62
- First session (1545-47) doctrine
- Pius IV (1559-65) recalls council
- Centralized Index, Inquisition
- Mass, role of bishops, more reforms
- 1564 Edicts promulgated
Florentines and Biblical Scholarship:
New Latin Bible: Sante Pagnino (1470–1541), Dominican, student of Savonarola
New Florentine Bibles:
Antonio Brucioli (1498-1566) Florentine Bible 1532
Sante Marmochino (d. 1548) Dominican, student of Savonarola
Translation 1538, reprinted 1545, 1546
Index 1559
Decameron
The Tramezzo: removal after Trent (Florence: Cosimo I)
Ex: San Marco
Reconstructed Plan of San Marco, showing original tramezzi. Drawing: Timothy Kaehle.
Other examples of tramezzi still in place: