01: Introductions
Modern arrival: from the modern Train Station Via Panzani Baptistery and Cathedral City Hall
Maps and Geography as historical sources
Map of Roman roads in Roman Era City
The early region: Etruscans:
- Greek: Tyrsenoi or Tyrrhenoi (Tyrrhenian Sea)
- Latin: Tusci or Etrusci
- Etruscan: Rasna
- Region: from Tiber to Arno
- metal mining: copper, iron, tin
- First contact with Greeks ca 775-750 BCE
- Writing
- ceramics
- “ritus etruscus”: street layout of Roman cities
- toga
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Arringatore (Aule Meteli)(ca. 100 BCE), discovered 1556 |
Chimera of Arezzo, discovered 1553 |
Etruscan Vase ca 300 BCE. Penn Museum |
6th c: a league of 12 cities
Fiesole
90 BCE: all Italic peoples granted Roman citizenship
Wars between Marius and Sulla (80-79); centers of rebellion seized, given to loyal soldiers
1st century CE: Augustus/Octavian: a Latin-speaking region.
Florence: Roman
- 59 BCE Julius Caesar; a colony mostly of retired soldiers
- Location: Via Cassia crosses Arno
- Small town, few classical references
Church of San Lorenzo: legendary foundation by St. Ambrose of Milan (first cathedral)
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4th c: Empire split between east and west 476 end of Western empire; Gothic kingdom 6th c Lombard invasions: Kingdom of Italy, capital Pavia Florence: Lombard duke 8th c: Charlemagne: still part of Kingdom of Italy Counts of Tuscany Post-Carolingian: rural lords, urban bishops |
Byzantine tower, now Hotel Brunelleschi
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Eleventh century: a turning point
“Second wave” of economic development (First wave: mainly port cities)
major landmarks: Baptistery (Baptistery detail), S. Miniato
Construction of San Miniato: focus of big political powers:
Holy Roman Empire; Papacy
Issues: Church reform.
- ca 1013: Hildebrand, Bishop of Florence. Wife Alberga
- Abbot Guarinus: Badia a Settimo
- Saint Minias: d. ca. 250
- Financial support of Emperor Henry II
- Giovanni Gualberto: Vallombrosan Order
Matilda of Canossa, Countess of Tuscany