10 Christian Reforms and Reformations


Reformation: some definitions

        A schism in Western (Latin) Christianity that persists to the present; results in the set of divergent traditions often called confessions or denominations

Altar retable, 15th c, defaced during Beeldenstorm (1566). Utrecht Cathedral. Jan van Arkel chapel

  •  1517   Luther posts the arguments that earn him excommunication in 1521
  • 1648  Treaty of Westphalia ends 30 Years War
  • 1688-9 England: Glorious Revolution

     Alternative understandings: the era in which

    • powers of rulers extend into the ability to control the basic religious identities of those in their states (and rulers differ in their preferred identity)
    • connections between political legitimacy and religious identity are redefined
      1492 onward

    Original goal by goal: to fix problems (as they see them) in The Church (as a whole)

 The big questions:

  • What is broken?
  •    How to fix it?
  •    Who is allowed to decide what is broken, and to do the fixing?

Trouble spots: Northern Europe, cities

First wave: against Rome and central Church bureaucracy

 Living in “the Latter Days”

Each group has unique responses to food related issues

Luther and Lutheranism. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Saxony

University of Erfurt (1501-05)

Spiritual crisis, joined Augustinians, studied theology

1508 University of Wittenberg, theology professor

1510 trip to Rome

Personal theological problem: justification

Solution: justification by grace through faith

heterodox

1517 Abusive practice comes to public notice:

John Tetzel’s indulgence campaign

1519 debate with Johannes Eck

1521 Luther  excommunicated; Imperial ban

Elector Frederick of Saxony

Luther

       Indulgence

A printed indulgence

 

 

 

 

 

 

      1531 Schmalkaldic League; 1546-7 war

      1534 Bible Translation (NT 1522)

Bible

      1555 Peace of Augsburg  Cuius regio eius religio: between Lutherans, Catholics

 Jean Calvin (1509-64)

   Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536, last version 1559

Reformation Caricatures

England

Henry VIII rules 1509-47

  •           Marries Catharine of Aragon; desire for heir; daughter Mary
  •           Anne Boleyn; attempt at divorce fails 1529
  • 1533 marriage to Anne Boleyn;
  •          Act of Succession; Elizabeth born
  • 1534 Act of Supremacy

  Edward VI (rules 1547-53) succeeds age 9

  • Regency
  •     Book of Common Prayer

(Lady Jane Grey)  

 Mary (1553-58) return of Catholicism

  •   Problems Pius IV
  •      married Phillip II
  •      Marian exiles; burning of heretics (Foxe: Book of Martyrs)

 Elizabeth (1558-1603)

    Rome: Reform by Council

Hadrian VI (1522-23)

Council of Trent (1545-63)

Concilio Trento Museo Buonconsiglio.jpg

Council of Trent, painting in the Museo del Palazzo del Buonconsiglio, Trento

1564 Edicts promulgated

1618-48 Thirty Years War

Changes in food related behaviors

  1. Eucharist
  2. fasting and Church Calendar
  3. Confessional conformity to politically imposed standards

Food: where?

At the beginning of the Reformation: The Affair of the Sausages

  • Zurich 1522 (Lent)
  • Christoph Froschauer, printer: Huldrych Zwingli (reformer)

Food as symbol of luxury and excess: anti-Rome political cartoon