13 Wars and Transitions

From Reformation Rome to the Early Modern City

Several big, long-term trends:

  1. Italian wars:  changes in the balance of power on Italian peninsula
  2. Growth of early modern states in Europe (including Rome)
  3. Reformation and changes across Europe in the roles of religious identity,

And locally: Rome continues to rebuild throughout all these changes

Italian peninsula: “Wars of Italy”

Last main phase: Francis I and Charles V

Francis I 1515 retakes Milan

1516 Charles inherits Spanish crown (HRE 1519: Charles V)

— French lose to HRE 1525

Sack of Rome 1527

Final phases of War:

  • 1529 treaties (Barcelona and Cambrai):
  • Spanish win title to Naples; end of French claims to Milan
  • 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559
  • Spanish Habsburgs in much of Italy

 

Lepanto 1571, near Gulf of Corinth

Holy league victory (Venice, Philip II of Spain, Pope Pius V) over Turks

Reformation: First two waves led by “Protestant” reformers, N. Europe

  •  Luther, Zwingli
  • Calvin (French speaking)

Mixed set of reforms—theological, practice, ecclesiastical

  •               Lots of anti-Rome sentiment, imagery
  •               at first, no one assumed a schism; all assume reform for all Christendom
  •               Closing of monasteries—lands taken over by local ruler
  •               Iconoclasm–Calvinist regions

Early response: Hadrian VI (1522-23) hope for Erasmian reforms but died first

Rome and Reform

Paul III (1534-49) Alessandro Farnese

Did not initially seem a likely candidate for role he took on as reformer, rebuilder

  • Palazzo Farnese begun 1517
  •  1540 recognized Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Ignatius Loyola
    •   centralized under papacy, main church Gesù, begun 1568 (baroque) 
    • worldwide evangelism, including Protest Europ
  • 1537 Reform commission; pressure for general council; delayed by civil unrest

    Council of Trent: Council called 1542, met 1545-62 (sporadically)

  1. Ideal: all, including Proteestant reformers
  2. Anti-papal sentiment among reformers: papal legates no papal presence, not in Rome
  3. Effects of Council 1545–49, 1551–52 and 1562–63

Setting agendas: institutional versus doctrinal reform, regional versus centralized church

First session: Doctrine (1545-47)

Paul IV (1555-59) too hard-line to negotiate

Pius IV (1559-65) recalls council 1562

French support for resolution given succession crisis; reform of abuses

also Centralized Index, Inquisition

1564+ implementation

negotitation with rulers. Ex: Mary of England

1648 (Peace of Westphalia, ending 30 Years War) main end of wars of religion

Rome as head of “Catholic” Christendom

Rome’s non-Christian residents: Protestants, Jews

Ghetto of Rome 1555

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Belvedere

Nuremberg Chronicles

Villa Belvedere begun 1484 (Innocent VII)Antonio Pollaiuolo

Julius II: sculpture collection in courtyard

1506 ca: Donato Bramante commissioned to design a link between Villa and Vatican Palace

1565 Pirro Ligorio adds 3rd story, niche

1585 “new wing” of Vatican Library added

1608 Pigna moved to Cortile

Piazza del Campidoglio