The Paradox of Carthage in Virgil’s Aeneid: Reflections of Augustan Rome’s Anxieties and Identity

By Sophia Lee
Virgil’s Aeneid is not merely a national epic recounting Rome’s legendary origins; it is a profound exploration of Roman identity during a pivotal era. At the time of its composition, around 30 to 19 BCE, Octavian rose to power and re‑fashioned the Republic of Rome into a principate that combined outwardly traditional institutions with unprecedented personal authority.

Pseudo-Alphabetic Characters and Questions of Literacy: the Story of a Sole-Shaped Stamp

By Jane Lilly
At a glance, the Harvard Art Museum’s (HAM) Stamp in the Form of a Foot seems unremarkable, particularly in conversation with the five other Roman stamps also stored at HAM. Each of these six stamps was cast in a lost-wax process with an inscription on the front and a loop on the back. However, upon further inspection, the oddities of this stamp become apparent.